(2022) 4월 모의고사 영어학 분석

작년에 봤던 모의고사 영어학 위주로 분석분석.

자료 공부하는 거임.

 

#A4 - aspirated voiceless stops

The abstract underlying units are known as phonemes while the predictable surface elements are known as allphones. Speakers of most accents of English habitually utter both aspirated and unaspirated voiceless stops. The following English data exhibit both of these. (1) Aspirated and unaspirated voiceless stops in English    English speakers systematically produce aspiration on voiceless stops at the beginning of     ①     syllable as in killing and accrue, but not on voiced stops. However, voiceless stops are unaspirated when preceded by a voiceless alveolar fricative, as in spurt. That is, in these data, wherever the unaspirated voiceless stops appear, the aspirated ones do not, and vice versa; the distribution of unaspiratead and aspirated stops is mutually exclusive.        Furthermore, if we take the stops [t] and [tʰ] in the English data, it is clear that they are phonetically similar: both are stops, both are voiceless, both are alveolar. And yet, for most speakers of English, the alveolar stops in still and till sound the same, despite the fact that the former is unaspirated and the latter is aspirated. That is, the two types of stops are interpreted as belonging to a single mental category. The English speaker interpretes the six phonetic segments [p], [pʰ], [t], [tʰ], [k] and [kʰ] in terms of only three      ②        : /p/, /t/ and /k/.

Fill in the blank ① with the ONE most appropriate word and the blank ② with ONE word from the passage.

stressed, phonemes.

       

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#A6 - sibilants, allomorphs, dissimilation, assimilation 

Nearly all English nouns have a plural form: cat/cats, dog/dogs, fox/foxes. Take a look at the pronunciation of the plurals of the following nouns in (1) (1) a. cab   cad  bag        love         lathe b. cap   cat   back      cuff          faith c. bus   dish  buzz     garage     match d. child  ox    mouse  criterion  sheep The final sound of the plural nouns in (1a) is a [z]- a voiced alveolar pricative. For (1b) the plural ending is an [s] - a voiceless alveolar fricative. And for (1c) it's [əz].These are the examples of a morpheme with different pronunciations. Note that there is a regularity in (1a), (1b), and (1c) that does not exist in (1d).        Apparently, the distribution of plural allomorphs in English is conditioned by the final segment of the singular form. We can make the chart by considering just the final segment as in (2). (2) Allomorph                    Environment [z]                    after [b] [d] [g] [v] [ð] [s]                    after [p] [t] [k] [f] [θ] [əz]                  after [s] [ʃ] [z] [ʒ] [tʃ]    dʒ We now want to understand why the English plural follows this pattern. Questions of this type is answered by inspecting the phonetic properties of the conditioning segmentees. Such an inspection reveals that the segments that trigger the [əz] plural share the same property. Considering the rest of the segments, the voiceless segemnts take the [s] plural, and voiced segemtns take [z] plural.        A concise way to express the rules is to assume that the basic or underlying form of the plural morpheme is /z/, with the meaning "plural". This is theh "default" pronunciation. The rules tell us when the default does not apply: Rule 1. Insert a  [ə] before the plural morepheme /z/ when                   a regular noun ends with a sibilant. Rule 2. Change the plural morpheme /z/ to a voiceless [s] when a regular noun ends with a voiceless sound. If the rules are applied in reverse order, an incorrect phonetic form of the plural would be derived.

얘들아, affricate은 두 개뿐이다.  ➜ s - manner:fricative, sibilant /place: alveolar     ʃ manner: fricative, / place: alveo-palatal     z fricative, sibilant, alveolar    ʒ fricative / alveopalatal    tʃ affricate / alveopalatal    dʒ affricate / alveopalatal fricative와 affricate을 둘 다 묶을 수 있는 건 sibilant. affricate은 2개 alveopalatal은 4개.

답안 나중에 다시 보자~

<B> Series stomach mirage epoch moose bush species	(1c) 처럼 allomoprh [əz] 붙는 애들 찾기. ➜ sibilant로 끝나는 애들 찾으면...mirage, bush ➜ series, moose, specis는 단복수 동형이고 ➜ stomach, epoch는 [-k] 로 끝나서 rule 충족 안됨.
Based on <A>, first, identify TWO words in <B> whose plural endings are the same as (1c) in <A>. Second, complete the rule 1 in <A> by filling in the blank with the condition.	First, the two words are ''mirage' and 'bush'. Second, the rule is as follows: Insert a [shcwa] before the plural morpheme /z/ when a noun ends with a sibilant. insert a schwa before the plural morpheme /z/ when the last sound of the  singular nouns is a sibilant.

 

 

Fricative, affriate, sibilant 조금씩 범주가 다르다.

sibilant는 manner인건가? * ez는 dissimilation인가?

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#A7 - Direct Object, Passivization

쒸익쒸익 모르겠따

A direct object(DO) is canonically an NP, undergoing the process denoted by the verb: (1) a. His girlfriend bought this computer.       b. That silly fool broke the teapot.        However, this is not a solid generalization. The objects in (2a) and (2b) are not really affected by the action. In (2a) the dog is experiencing something, and in (2b) thunder is somehow causing some feeling in the dog: (2) a. Thunder frightens [the dog].       b. The dog fears [thunder]. The data show us that we cannot identify the object based on semantic roles. A much more firm criterion is the syntactic construction of passivization, in which a notional direct object appears as Subject. The sentence in (3a) can be turned into the passive sentence in (3b): (3) a. The child broke the teapot by accident.       b. The teapot was broken by the child by accident. What we can notice here is that the object the teapot in (3a) is promoted to the subject in the passive sentence as in (3b). The test comes from the fact that non-object NPs cannot be promoted to the subject as in (4b): (4) a. This item belongs to the student.       b.*The student is belonged to by this item. The objects that undergo passivization are direct objects, distinct from indirect objects. An indirect object (IO) is one which precedes a direct object (DO). A caution is in order - when a DO follows an IO, the DO cannot be passivized as shown in (5b); however, in examples like (5a), passive has the property of making the IO into the subject as in (5c): (5) a. John gave [the boys] [the CDs].       b.*The CDs were given the boys by John.       c. The boys were given the CDs (by John).	(2) a. Thunder frightens [the dog].  ➜ 보니까 Verb의 동작에 영향을 받는 게 아닌 것 같아. ➜ theme이나 patient만으로 구분하는 게 무리가 있어. ➜ 능동문의 목적어가 수동문의 주어로 올 수 있는 것. ➜ 이렇게 되는 게 바로 DO! (3) a. The child broke the teapotᴰᴼ by accident.       b. The teapotᴰᴼ was broken by the child by accident ➜ 목적어 아닌 NP는 passive sentence의 subject 될 수 없어. ➜ 동사를 바로 뒤따르는 object가 나갔을 때 수동태가 된다면, 그것 또한 정문으로 보기도 한다.  (5) a. John gave [the boys]ᴵᴼ [the CDs]ᴰᴼ.       b.*The CDs were given the boys by John.       c. The boys were given the CDs (by John).
<B> (a) A good friend is remained to me by him. (b) This computer was bought for him by his girlfriend. (c) A review copy of the book was sent to her by the publisher. (d) A review copy of the book was sent her by the publisher. (e) The shop is closed at five o'clock.	(a) ③A good friend ②is remained to me ①by him. (x) ➜ He remained to me a good friend - non-object NP         (b) This computer ②was bought for him by ①his girlfriend.(o) ➜ His girlfriend bought this computer for himᴵᴼ (c) A review copy of the book was sent to her by the publisher. ➜The publisher sent a review copy of the bookᴰᴼ to her.ᴵᴼ(o) (d) A review copy of the bookᴰᴼ was sent herᴵᴼ by the publisher. (x) ➜ The publisher sent herᴵᴼ a review copy of the bookᴰᴼ ➜*When a DO follows an IO, the DO cannot be pasivized. (e) The shop is closed at five o'clock. (o)
Identify TWO ungrammatical sentences in <B>, and explain why, EXACTLY based on the description in <A>	➜ sentence (a) and (d) are ungrammatical. ➜ The non-object NP 'a good friend' cannot be promoted to the subject (in the passive sentence). ➜ When the DO 'a review copy of the book' follows the IO 'her', the DO cannot be passivized.

 

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#B2 - coordination, AJT, CPT

In an acceptable coordination the coordinates are syntactically similar. When the coordinates belong to the different category, the coordinate structures in (1) are ungrammatical. (1) a.*We invited [the Smiths and because they can speak Italian]. b.*She argued [persuasively or that their offer should be rejected].        In a large majority of the coordinate structures, the coordinates belong to the same category. But coordinates do not have to be of the same category. Other examples are given in (2):  (2) a. He won't reveal [the nature of the threat or where it came from]. [NP+Clause] b. I'll be back [next week or at the end of the month]. [NP+PP] c. He acted [selfishly and with no thought for the consequences] [Advp +PP]        What makes the coordinations in (2) acceptable despite the differences of category is  that each coordinate could occur alone with the same                      . (3) a. He won't reveal the nature of the threat.       b. He won't reveal where it came from. (4) a. I'll be back next week.       b. I'll be back at the end of the month. (5) a. He acted selfishly.       b. He acted with no thought for the consequences. In each pair here the underlined element in (b) has the same              as that in (a): complement of the verb in (3), time adjunct in (4), manner adjunct in (5). Contrast these examples with those in (6): (6) a.*We're leaving [Rome and next week] [NP+NP]       b.*I ran [to the park and for heatlh reasons]. [PP + PP] Here the coordinates belong to the same category, but don't satisfy the requirement of functional likeness. Therefore,               is more important than category in determining the permissibility of coordination.

Fill in each blank with the ONE most appropriate word.(Use the SAME answer for all the blanks.)

function

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#B4 - flapping [ɾ]

For many speakers of American English, words such as letter, atom, header, and ladder are pronoucned as [lɛɾɚ], [æɾəm] [hɛɾɚ] [læɾɚ] respectively. This process, which is known as flapping, converts an alveolar stop to a voiced flap.        The most conductive environment for this process is intervocalic, when the second syllalbe is not stressed. Thus, while attic [æɾɪk] has a flap, attack[ətæk] does not. This pattern is also revealed in morphologically related but prosodically different word pairs. Thus, while alveolar stops in the left column below undergo this process, they do not do so in the morphologically related words in the right column. (1) atom                                   atomic metal                                  metalic Italy                                     Italian Autumn                              autumnal rhetoric                               rhetorical notable                               notation addict                                 addiction                    Thus, the generalization could be assumd as in (2). (2) Alveolar stops /t/ and /d/ become an alveolar flap [ɾ] when they occur between two vowels; the first of which is stressed and the second of which is unstressed.        This condition also includes the secondary stress; thus, we don't have flapping in words in which /t/ targets are in syllables with secondary stress, as shown in (3). (3) sanitary sabotage   latex        Although in a great majority of cases of flapping the first vowel is stressed, this is not a necessary condition. Now consider the following examples: (4) nationality  calamity sorority In (4) flapping occurs between to                   vowels.

-er 을 ɚ 로 표기. ➜ flapping occurs when... intervocalic, when the second syllalbe is not stressed ➜ secondary stress도 stress로 간주. 봐주는 거 없음. ➜ latex의 경우, la(1강세) tex(2강세)

First, fill in the blank with ONE word from the passage. Second, based on the passage, state the only condition related to stress where alveolar stops cannot be flapped.

unstressed. alveolar stops [t] [d] cannot be flapped when it occurs at the beginning of a stressed syllable.

 

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#B5 - Syntax.

Both syntactic categories (NP, AP, VP, PP, etc.) and grammatical functions (subject, complement, and modifier) play important roles in the analysis of English sentences. We have also observed that the grammatical function and form of each constituent depend on where it occurs or what it combines with.        The combinatory properties of words and phrases involve two aspects of syntax: internal and external syntax. Internal syntax deals with how a given phrase itself is constructed in a well-formed manner whereas external syntax is concerned with how a phrase can be used in a larger construction. Observe the following examples:  (1) a. *John [put his gold]       b. *John [put under the bathtub].       c. *John [put his gold safe].       d. *John [put his gold to be under the bathtub].       e.   John [put his gold under the bathtub]. Why is only (1e) acceptable? SImply, because only it satisfies the condition that verb put selects an NP and a PP as its complements, and it combines with them in the VP. In other examples, this condition is not fulfilled. This combinatory requirement starts from the internal (or lexical) properties of the verb put, and is not related to any external properties of the VP.        In contrast, the external syntax is concerned with the external environment in which a phrase occurs. The well-formed VP in (1e) can be unacceptable, depending on external contexts. For example, consider fram induced by the governing verb kept in (2): (2) a.*The king kept [put his gold under the bathtub]       b.  The king kept [putting his gold under the bathtub]. The VP put his gold under the bathtub is a well-formed phrase, but cannot occur in (2a) since this is not the environment where such a finite VP occurs. That is, the verb kept requires the presence of a gerundive VP like putting his gold under the bathtub, and therefore imposes an external constraint on VPs.	internal syntax : grammatically correct한지 external syntax : 외부 요소와의 relation (1) a. *John [put his gold]       b. *John [put under the bathtub].       c. *John [put his gold safe].       d. *John [put his gold to be under the bathtub].       e.   John [put his gold under the bathtub]. ➜ keep 다음에는 -ing 나와야되니까.
(a) This is the box in which John put his gold. (b) This is the gold that John put under the bathtub. (c) John placed Kim behind the garage. (d) John placed behind the counter. (e) John stayed Kim behind the garage. (f) John stayed behind the couer.	a) This is the box in which John put his gold. - o (b) This is the gold that John put under the bathtub. - o (c) John placed Kim behind the garage. - o (d) John placed behind the counter. - x ➜ placed *NP PP 여야 하는데 NP 없음. (e) John stayed Kim behind the garage. - x ➜ 'stay'는 pp만 complement로 취해. NP 있어서 비문. (f) John stayed behind the counter. - o
Identify TWO ungrammatical sentences in <B>, and explain why, based on the description in <A>	First, sentence (d) is ungrammatical because theh verb 'placed' selects an NP and a PP as its complements, but this sentence lacks an NP. Second, sentence (e) is ungrammatical because the verb 'stayed' requires only a PP as its complement, but this sentence contains the NP 'Kim' which is unnecessary.