2022 8월 모의고사 영어학 분석

영어학 분석 가. 보자는거야~ 숲뚜루루루뚜루루

 

#A6 - vowel elision, deletion, syllabic consonants

Elision can be described in terms of two categorisations, based on the kind and the position of souds omitted. The categorisation based on the kind of soudns omitted distinguishes between elision of consonants, elision of vowels, and elision of whole syllables.        Elision of consonants can often occur in order to simplify consonant clusters. The consonants elided are most typically plosives and       ①        as the words in (1) show.   (1) old man        /old mæn/       →  [ol mæn]       acts               /ækts/            →  [æks]       clothes        /kloðz/              →   [kloz]      months        /mɅnθes/          → [mɅns]        Elision of vowels can occur in unstressed syllables of polysyllabic words, most typically just before or after a/an        ②        syllable, and after one of the fortis plosives, /p, t, k/ as shown in (2). The gap left by the elided vowels is filled by aspiration, it always results in a reduction in the number of syllable. (2) potato    /pǝteto/  →  [pʰteto]      today       /tǝde/     → [tʰde]      tomato    /tǝmato/  →[tʰmato]      canary   /kənɛəri/  → [kʰnɛəri]        When an elided vowel can be followed by /n,l/  or /r/, however, the gap is sometimes filled by syllabic consonants which function as the nucleus of the syllable as in (3). (3) tonight      /tǝnaɪt/            →  [tṇnaɪt]      police         /pǝlis/             →  [pḷis]      correct      /kǝrɛkt/            →  [kɹ̩ɛkt]        Elision of whole syllables can occur when the syllables are unstressed, most typically just before or after a stressed syllalbe, especially when the elided syllable contains a consonant that is repeated in the following syllable as in (4). (4) library             /laɪbrǝrɪ/        →  [laɪbrɪ]      particularly     /pǝtɪkjǝlǝlɪ/     →  [pǝtɪkjǝlɪ]      probably         /prabǝblɪ/       →  [prablɪ] d	➜ /old mæn/    /ækts/    /kloðz/    /mɅnθes/ ➜ d, t - 📍 plosive=stops(manner), alveolars(place)      ð,θ - fricative(manner), interdentals(place) ➜ 📍 fortis/lenis (voiceless/voiced) distinction. ➜ fortis plosives 뒤, stressed syllable 앞에서 elision되면서  pʰte.to 2음절+aspration 이 일어남. ➜ plosives (= stop stounds) ➜ 모음이 사라지고 남은 공백은 aspiration으로 채워져.
Based on the passage, first, fill in the blank ① with the ONE most appropriate word and the blank ② with ONE word from the passage. Second, identify whether an elided vowel followed by /n, l/ or /r/ in (3) results in a reduction in the number of syllables or not. Explain why.	➜ results in a reduction in the number of syllables : 이게 무슨 말인가 했는데,  ➜ po.ta.to 3음절이 vowel elision 되면서 pʰte.to 2음절로 reduction in the number of syllables 가 되잖슴? ➜근데 (3)에서는 syllabic consonants들 (consonant that forms a syllable on its own )이 aspiration 대신 뒤따르기 때문에  ➜pǝ.lis (2음절) ➜ pḷis  (ambisyllabic : 양음절성) (2음절) reduction in the number of syllables 안 일어나.   First, the blank ① is 'fricatives' and ② is 'stressed'. Second, an elided vowel followed by /n, l/ or /r/ does not result in a reduction in the number of syllables.
➜ First, the blank ① is 'fricatives' and ② is 'stressed'. ➜ Second, an elided vowel followed by /n, l/ or /r/ does not result in a reduction in the number of syllables. ➜ When elision is compensated for with syllabic consonants, the number of syllables remains the same because 📍 syllabic consonants function as the nucleus of the syllalble.

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#A7 - inversion

There are some constructions involving subject-auxiliary inversion. I. Closed interrogatives: The subject occurs after an auxiliary verb instead of in its default preverbal position. (1) a. She speaks French.                  DEFAULT ORDER     b. Does she speak French?          SUBJECT-AUXILIARY INVERSION II. Open interrogatives: Here inversion accompanies the placement in prenuclear position of a non-subject interrogative phrase. (2) a. Who told you that?                    SUBJECT + VERB ORDER    b. What did she tell you?              SUBJECT-AUXILIARY INVERSION III. Exclamatives: Here inversion is optional after a non-subject exclamative phrase in prenuclear position. (3) a. What a fool I have been!      b. What a fool have I been! IV. Initial negative constituents: Inversion occurs with a negative non-subject element in prenuclear position. In (4a) we have the default subject + verb order when the negative is within the VP; inversion applies when it precedes the subject, as in (4b).  (4) a. He found not one of them useful.      b. Not one of them did he  find useful. V. Initial only: Only  is not a marker of negation. He has only seen her once (unlike He hasn't seen her once) is a positive clause. But hit has a close connection with negation, for such an example entails that he has not seen her more than once. And this connection with negation is reflected in the fact that as far as inversion is concerned it behaves just like a negative. (5) a. She had complained only once.      b. Only once had she complained. (she had not complained more than once.) VI. Initial so/such :  These behaves like only, though they do not have any similar connection with negation. (6) a. He would make such a fuss that we'd all agree.     b. Such a fuss would he make that we'd all agree.
<B> (a) He pointed out that not once she had complained. (b) Not long afterwards, he moved to Bonn. (c) Only a few days later, he moved to Bonn. (d) Only two of them he found useful. (e) Nowhere does he mention my book.	(a) He pointed out [that not once she had complained.] (x) ➜IV. initial negative constituents. ➜He pointed out that not once had she complained. (b) [Not long afterwards], he moved to Bonn. (o) ➜ Not의 작용력이 long afterwards에서 멈춰. ➜positive clause이기 때문에 도치X. IV 아니야. (c) Only a few days later, he moved to Bonn.(o) (d) Only two of them he found useful. (x) ➜V. Initial only : behaves like a negative. ➜ Only two of them did he find useful   ➜ He found useful only two of them. not foud useful more than the two of them. (e) Nowhere does he mention my book. (O) ➜ IV. initial negative constituentes ➜ He mentioned my book nowhere.
Identify TWO ungrammatical sentences in <B>, and correct the sentences, based on the description in <A>.	Sentences (a) and (d) are ungrammatical.  The correct forms are as follows: (a) He pointed out that not once had she complained, and (d) Only two of them did he found useful.

 

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#A4 - Conversational Maxim

Here is the summary of the four conversational maxims, parts of the broad cooperative principle (1) Name of Maxim - Description of Maxim Quantity  - say neither more nor less than the discourse requires. Relevance - be relevant Manner - be brief and orderly; avoid ambiguity and obscurity. Quality - do not lie; do not make unsupporteed claims.         A maxim is violated when  a speaker chooses to be uncooperative for whatever reason. A maxim is obeyed in a literal discourse devoid(lack) of implicature, as in (2). (2) Dad: Very nice girl. What do you think, Hon?       Mom: Not really. ______ arise when a maxim is flouted. To flout a maxim is to choose not to follow that maxim in order to implicate something. The discourse in (3), repeated below, is an example fo the Maxim of ______ being flouted. (3) Dad: Very nice girl, what do you think, hon?       Mom: the turkey sure was moist. Because Mom knows that the quality of the turkey isn't relevant to being a "very nice girl" and because Dad is assuming that Mom knows it, too, Dad can pick up on the fact that Mom is implicating that she doesn't like the girl.        Because implicatures result from violations of one or more maxims, they can be easily cancelled by providing further, clarifying information. For rexample: (4)Dad: Very nice girl, what do you think, hon?      Mom: The turkey sure was moist. Toni basted it every ten minutes. The additional remakr cancels, or at least weakens, the implicature that Mom dislikes Toni	➜ 문장 시작은 반드시 대문자로 적을 것! (1) Implicature (2) Relevance

 

 

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B2 - Syntax

The main goal of syntax is building a grammar that can generate an infinite set of well-fomred grammatical English sentences. (1) a. A man kicked the ball. b. The cat chased the long string. Given only the lexical categories that we have identified so far, we can set up a grammar rule for sentence (S) like the following: (2) S > Det (A) N V Det (A) N The rule tells us what S can consist of: it must contain the items mentioned, except that those which are in parentheses are optional. So this rule characterizes any sentence which consists of a Det, N, V, Det, and N, in that order, possibly with an A in front of either N.        Notice that even this simple grammar rule can easily extend to generate an infinite number of English sentences by allowing iteration of the A: (3) S > Det A N V Det A N This iteration operator @ is called the 'Kleene STar Operator' and is a notation meatning 'zero to infinitely many' occurrences. The operator allows us to repeat any number of As, thereby generating sentences like (4). (4) a. The tall man kicked the ball. b. The tall handsome man kicked the ball. c. The tall kind, handsome man kicked the ball.        A grammar using only lexical categories can be specified to generate an infinite number of well-formed English sentences, but it nevertheless misses a great deal of basic properties that we can observe. For example, this simple grammar cannot capture the agreement facts seen in examples like the following: (5) a. The mother of the boy and the girl is arriving soon. b. The mother of the boy and the girl are arriving soon. Why do the verbs in these two sentences have different agreement patterns?  Our intuitions tell us that the answer lies in two different possibilites for grouping the words. Teh different groupings indicate who is arriving: in 5(a), ____ while in (5)b it is both ____ and ____. The grouping of words into larger phrasal units which we call constituents provides the first step in understanding teh agreement facts in (5).

➜ (1)The mother, (2) the girl

 

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B4 - retraction, assimilation

If a sound is articulated further forward in the mouth than the underlying phoneme, usually under the influence of the surrounding sounds, that sound is said to be fronted, or advanced. Conversely, if a sound is articulated further back in the mouth than the underlying phoneme, again usually under the influence of the surrounding soudns, that soud is said to be retracted, or, less commonly, backed. Since fronting and retraction are usually conditioned by the phonetic environment, a fronted or retracted allophone and its corresponding "normal" allophone are usually in complementary distribution.         The alveolar stops and the alveolar nasal may be fronted, or, more specifically here, dentalised, through the influence of the place of articulation of a following consonant, particularly the dental fricatives, /th, th/ as exemplified in (1) (1)eighth      widdth     tenth It should be noted that these processes also operate across word boudaries. (2) not thin     had then        when they Similarly, /t,d,n/ may be retracted through the influence of the place of articulation of a following consonant, namely the post-alveolar approximant, /r/. The retraction process can be exemplified in the words in (3): (3) try       dry         unrest         The velar stops /k,g/ are often fronted through the influence of a neighboring sound, indicaetd by a small cross[.] as in (4): (4) cap     kept     kit     gap     get     geese The velar stops may be retracted through the influence of a neighboring soud, and retraction can be indicated by an underbar, [    ] , as in (5) (5) cord, cart goose, go	➜ alv stops: t, d       +  dental fric: ➜ alv nasal: n          + dental fric :    = dentalised     =발음이 앞으로 땡겨진다. : fronted or advanced. not + th ➜ t fronted. had + th ➜ d fronted ➜ retracted: 발음 뒤로 간다. ➜ post-alveolar approximant /r/ ➜approximant : w, j, r, l
Based on the passage, state the environment where the velar stops /k, g/ are fronted as in (4) and retracted as in (5) respectively.	First, velar stops /k, g/ are fronted as  in (4) through the influence of a following front vowel, and retracted as in (5) through the influence of a following back vowel.

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    #B5 - CP CLAUSE

There are some verbs which select a sequence of an NP followed by a CP as complements: (1) a. We told Tom [ that he should consult an accountant.       b. Mary convinced me [ that the argument was sound.        In addition to the that-type of CP, there is an infinitive type of CP, headed by the complementizer for. Some verbs select this nonfinite CP as the complement: (2) a. Tom intends for Sam to review that book.      b. John would prefer for the children to finish oatmeal. The data show that verbs like intend and prefer select an infinitival CP clause. Just like the complementizer that, for selects an infinitival S as its complement. The evidence that the complementizer for requires an infinitival S can be foud from coordination data: (3) a. For John to either [make up such a story] or [repeat it] is outrageous. (coordination of base VPs) b. For John either [to make up such a story] or [to repeat it] is outrageous. (coordination of infinitive VPs) c. For [John to tell Bill such a lie] and [Bill to believe it ] is outrageous. (coordination of infinitive Ss) Given that only like categories(constituents with the same label ) can be coordinated, we can see that base VPs, infinitival VPs, and infinitival SS are all constituents.        One thing to note here is that the verbs which select a CP complement can also take an infinitival VP complement: (4) a. John intends to review the book.       b. John would prefer to finish the oatmeal. However, this does not mean that all verbs behave alike: not all verbs can take variable complement types such as an infinitival VP or S. For example, the verb try selects only an infinitival VP, but it cannot select an infinitival CP as the complement as atteested by the data: (5) a. Tom tried to ask a question.       b. *Tom tried for Bill to ask a question.	➜[for NP to VP] = CP = S-bar (3) a. For John to either [VP: make up such a story] or [VP: repeat it] is outrageous.
<B> (a) Jim wanted to leave London. (b) Tom tends for MAry to avoid confrontations. (c) I hate to disappoint you. (d) Joe hoped for BEth to find a solution. (e) She reused to take the money. (f) I will plan for you to be back in time.	(a) Jim wanted [ PROᴶᶦᵐ to leave London ]. ➜ (o). subject control. (b) Tom tends [ for Mary to avoid confrontations. (x) CP 안 됨 ➜ tend는 selects only an infinitival VP complement. (c) I hate to disappoint you. ➜ (like 유형) (o) (d) Joe hoped [ for Beth to find a solution. ➜ (x). CP 안 됨. (e) She refused to take the money. ➜(o)  (f) I will plan [ for you to be back in time. ➜ CP 가능.
Identify TWO ungrammatical sentences in <B>, and explain why ONLY based on the description in <A>	[답안] Sentences (b) and (d) are ungrammatical in that in (b), the verb 'tends' cannot select an infinitival CP 'for Mary to avoid confrontations' as the complement. In (d), the verb 'hoped' cannot select an infinitival CP 'for Beth to find a solution' as the complement

 

끝.