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전체적으로 평이했던 난이도. 아니, 사실 쉬웠다. 다음 모고 때는 꼭 시간 맞춰서 풀어봐야지! 정확도는 높였으니 이제 푸는 시간을 줄여볼 차례다.
#A2 - nasal을 어떻게 vowel처럼 착각한걸까... 등신~
- Read the passage and fill in the blank ①with ONE word from the passage and the blank ② with the appropriate feature from the passage.
| Stops, fricatives, nasals, and liquids are all [+consonantal]; in their articulation the lower lip or some part of the tongue impededs the flow of air in some eway, in some part of the mouth. The four classes together are called consonants. Vowles and glides are articulated without such impedance; they are [-consonantal]. For vowels and glides it is the shape of the oral cavity in which air is flowing freely that determines the quality of the sound produced. Glides are like certain vowels in their productoin, but they are like ① in the positions they occupy in syllables and larger units. The four classes of consonants differ from one another in their manner of articulation, speciifically in whether or not the articulation is characterized by periodic vibration of air particles and in whether or not the air stream is escaping from the mouth during the articulation. We can express these differences with the features [sonorant] and [continuant] below. liquids nasals fricatives stops +sonorant +sonorant -sonorant -sonorant +continuant ② +continuant -continuant Liquids and nasals are 'musical' like vowles. Although the air stream is obstructed in some way, the vocal tract still acts as a resonance chamber in which air particles flow in periodic waves. Obstruent consonants - fricatives ans plosives - are articulated with total or near-total obstruction of the air stream so that resonanace is minimal or absent. For liquids and fricatives air flows out from the mouth during articulation; thus any of these consonants can be held- continued- as long as the lungs provide air. Nasals can also be prolonged since air escapes during their articulation, but through the nasal cavity alone. A stop, since it involves complete obstruction of the breath stream, is essentially an instant of silence. |
Stops, fricatives, nasals, and liquids are all [+consonantal] -glides는 consonant이지만 [-consonantal]이고 -vowel처럼 쓰이지만 [-syllabic]이지. -glides are never syllabic. consonants nasals - m n, 응 [-continuant]. nasals도 stop일뿐. |
#A6 - Iambic Reversal
| The normally accepted definition of the foot is that each phonological foot starts with a stressed syllable, and continues up to, but not including, the next stressed syllable. Feet can be classified into types, three of which are shown in (1). (1) Trochee(trochaic foot) - s w [fa/ther] Dactyl(dactylic foot) - s w w [ca/me/ra] Iamb(iambic foot) - w s [de/mand] The English process of Iambic Reversal seems designed precisely to avoid either lapses, where too many unstressed syllables intervene between stresses, or clashes, where stresses are adjacent, with no unstressed syllalbes in beteween at all. It affects combinations of words which would, in isolation, have final stress on the first word, and initial stress on the second. For instance, (2) shows that the citation from of thirteen has final stress. (2) A: How many people turend up? B: Thirteen. However, take a look at the following case when final-stressed words like thirteen form phrases with initiail-stressed ones like players as below (3). (3) W S S W S W S W thirteen players ➜ thirteen players If these words retained their normal stress pattern, we would find clashing sequences of WSSW, as shown on the left of (3); consequently, the prominence pattern of the first word is reversed. The result is a sequence of two trochaic feet, SWSW. Now, consdier the example in (4). (4) champagne cocktails |
➜ sww/sw/s/ (s에서 다음s 전까지가 foot) ➜ |
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Frist, Iambic Reversal occurs in the phrase 'champagne cocktails' in (4). Second, Iambic Reversal occurs because clashing sequence of WSSW occurs. The prominence pattern of the first word 'champagne' is reversed, resulting a sequence of two trochaic feet, SWSW. [모범답안] ➜ First, Iambic Reversal occurs in the phrase 'champagne cocktails'. Second, it occurs to avoid clashes. The clashing sequences of WSSW change into the sequence of SWSW, the sequnece of two trochaic feet. |
#A7 - discussion of the riots and in the bar왜 구분못했지?
| In a large majority of the coordinate structures, the coordinates belong to the same category as in (1). (1) a. John wrote to Mary and to Fred. [PP + PP] b. John wrote a letter and a postcard. [NP + NP] But coordinates do not have to be of the same category. Other examples are given in (2): (2) a. I'll be back [next week or at the end of the month].[NP + NP] b. John is [a banker and extremely rich]. [NP +NP] What makes the coordinations in (2) acceptable despite the differences of category is that each coordinate could occur alone with the same function. (3) a. I'll be back next week. b. I'll be back at the end of the month. (4) a. John is a banker. b. John is extremely rich. In each pair here the underlined element in (b) has the same function as that in (a): time adjunct in (3), complement of the verb in (4). Now consider the following example: (5)*We're leaving [Rome and next week ]. [NP + NP] Here the coordinates belong to the same category, but don't satisfy the requirement of functioinal likeness. In (5), the NP Rome is a complement, but the NP next week is an adjunct; the functions would be different. Therefore, the different functions cannot be conjoined. |
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a. det + det b. AJT + AJT c. CPT[pp] + AJT[pp] d. CPT+CPT e. AJT AP + AJT AP f. CPT + AJT |
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First, sentences (c)and(f) in <B> are ungrammatical. Second, in (c), the pp 'to the park' is a complement but the pp'for heatlh reasons' is an adjunct, and different functions cannot be conjoined. As for sentence (f), the pp 'of the riots' is a complement while the pp 'in the bar' is an adjunct which also cannot be conjoined as they have different functions. |
| 모범답안 Sentence (c) is ungrammatical. The different functions cannot be conjoined: the pp 'to the park' is a complement and the pp 'for heatlh reasons' is an adjunct. Sentence (f) is ungrammatical. The different functions cannot be conjoined: the PP 'of the riots' is a complement and the pp 'in the bar' is an adjunct. |
The different functions cannot be conjoined 를 꼭 써줘야하는군? |
#B2 - Raising Control 📍
| There are four distinct types of embedded non-finite constructions: subject-to-subject raising, subject-to-object raising, subject control, and object control. It should be noted that some verbs allow more than one type of construction. For example, the verb want allows either subject control or subject-to-subject raising: (1) a. Jeanᵢ wants [PROᵢ to leave]. subject control b. Jean wants Billᵢ [tᵢ to leave]. subject-to-object raising We can see four types of embedded non-finite constructions and their properties below: (2) Jean is likely to leave. (a) Main clause predicate(ᵢₛ ₗᵢₖₑₗᵧ) assigns one theta role(to proposition) and no external (subject) theta role. (b) DP movement of embedded subject to the spec of TP for EPP and case. (c) Allows idiomatic readings and extraposition (3) Jean prefer Robert to leave. (a) Main clause predicate assigns ① theta roles. (b) Main clause predicate has an Accusative [ACC] feature. (c) Allows idiomatic readings. (4) Jean is reluctant to leave. (a) Main clause predicate assigns two theta roles. (b) No DP movement for Case. (c) Does not allow idiomatic readings or extraposition. (5) Jean ordered Robert to leave. (a) Main clause perdicate assigns ② theta role (b) No DP movement for Case. (c) Does not allow idiomatic readings or extraposition. |
➜ subject-to-subject raising subject-to-object raising subject control object control ➜ (1) want 같은 애들은 subject control도 되고, SSRaising도 되고. ➜ (2)__▲__ is likely [ Jean to leave]. 2a) is likely는 주격 case 못주고, 뒤 절 전체(proposition)에 case + theta role 준다. external case 못주는거. 2b) DP=NP. Jean은 EPP principle과(모든 문장에 주어필요) case받으려고 SSR. ➜(3)Jean prefer [Robert to leave]. (a) Main clause predicateᵖʳᵉᶠᵉʳ assigns ① theta roles. : two(Jean, Robert to leave) (4) Jean is reluctant PROᴶᵉᵃⁿ to leave. (a) Main clause predicate assigns two theta roles. (5a)왜 theta role 3개지? [PRO to leave] leave로부터 theta role 받는 거 아니었어? (5)Jean ordered Robert [ PROᴿᵒᵇᵉʳᵗ to leave ]. Main clause perdicateᵒʳᵈᵉʳᵉᵈ assigns ② theta role. PRO는 leave로부터 theta role 받고, to leave는 시제가 없어서 case 못 줘. |
| ① two ② three |
#B4 -Monophthongization, monomorphemic
| Although the word stem has multiple meanings in linguistics, it is the minimal constituent within a word that can stand as an independent word. Thus, in jumping [[jump] ing] the stem is [jump]. In identifier [[[aident]ifai]er], the stem is [identify]. Although we can recognize a smaller root morpheme [ident] within this word (compare identity, identical), we will not consider it to be the stem, since it cannot occur as an independent word. Consider now an example of a stem-bounded rule. The following rule occurs in some version in a number of English dialects: (1) Pre-/l/ Monophthongization oʊ ➜ o / ___ l (2) /oʊ/ before /l/: [o] /oʊ/ in other environments: [oʊ] hole[hol] Poe[poʊ] poultry[poltri] moat[moʊt] mole[mol] propane[proʊpein] mold[mold] toad[toʊd] The above are all simple, monomorphemic forms. The more subtle effects occur when we add suffixes to stems that end in /oʊ/ or in /oʊ/ plus /l/. (3) slow-ly [sloʊli] toe-less[toʊles] low-land-s[loʊlendz] (4) goal-ie[goli] holey [holi] roll-ing [rolin] It can be seen that underlying /oʊ/ gets monophthongized only if it is in the same stem as the immediately following /l/. Now consider the following examples of Vowel Nasalization: (5)
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➜ 이중모음의 단모음화 ➜ /l/ 이 아닌 다른 consonant 앞에서는 멀쩡히 발음. ➜ stem 안에 있는 /l/이냐, 밖에 있는 /l/이냐. ➜ (5) nasal consonant /n/앞에서 vowel nasalization일어나는 중. ➜free+ness / slow+ness 는 stem+suffix형태로, monomorphemic form(원래 단어 하나)이 아님. |
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First, in (5), Vowel Nasalization occur only if the vowel is in the same stem as the immediately following nasal consonant. [모범답안] ➜ Vowel Nasalization occurs only if a nasal sound is in the same stem. ➜(=Vowels are nasalized before a nasal consonant within the same stem.) (= Vowel nasalization is stem-bounded) |
#B5 - participants가 뭐고? : 문장 안에서 참여하고 있는 사람들 수
| A predicative complement(PC) commonly has the form of an NP, and in that case it constrats directly with an object (O). (1) a. Stacy was a good speaker. predicative complement. b. Stacy found a good speaker. object (2) a. Lee became a friend of mine. predicative complement b. Lee insulted a friend of mine. object There is a sharp semantic distinction in elementary examples of this kind. The object NPs refer to participants in the situation: in each of (1b) and (2b) there are two people involved. The predicative NPs, however, do not refer to participants like this. There is only a single person involved in the (a) examples, the one referred to by the subject NP. The predicative complement NP denotes a property that is ascribed to this person. PCs are most clearly illustrated by examples like (1a). The verb be here has basically no semantic content. The most important thing that be does in this example is to carry the preterite tense inflection that indicates reference to past time. The meaning of the clause is really just that Stacy spoke in an entertaining manner. So although a good speaker is syntactically ana NP complement, it is semantically comparable to a predicate like spoke well. This is the basis for the term 'predicative complement': the complement typically represents what is predicated of the subject-referent in a way that is similar to that in which a whole predicate does. A few verbs can take either a PC or an O, but with obvious differences in meaning as shown in (3) and (4): (3) a. This proved a great asset. b. This proved my point. (4) a. He sounded a decent guy. b. He sounded the gong. Again, the objects denote participants but the predicative complements don't. |
￭ object NP - refer to participants in the situation. ￭ predicative complement NP - denotes a property. ➜ (2)는 구분이 잘 안 가. ➜ predicative complement는 주어를 보충설명해줄 뿐. |
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➜ 참여자가(participants)가 둘이냐 하나냐. |
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➜ First, in sentence (a) in <B>, the NP 'a fool' is a predicative complement while in sentence (b) it is an object. ➜Second, in sentence (a), the predicative NP 'a fool' denotes only a single person involved.(누구 refer하는지 써줘야 함.) ➜As for sentence (b), the object NP 'a fool' refers to participants in the situation, which means that there are two participants. [모범답안] - In (a), the NP'a fool' functions as a predicative complement, and in (b) 'a fool' functons as an object. - In (a) there is only a single person involved, the one referred to by the subject 'I'. -In Sentence (b), there are two people involved. The subject NP 'I' and the object NP 'the fool'. |
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