24. 11월 3회 모고_tough-movement

#A7 tough-mv

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Consider the following examples: (1) a. To understand this lesson is difficult.      b. ➜ It is difficult to understand this lesson.      c. ➜This lesson is difficult to understnad. In  English, there are adjectives which allow the transformation of sentences like the examples given in (1). The adjective difficult in (1) has to do mainly with the ease or difficulty of the situation described in the infinitival clause or with one's emotioanl attitude to it.        However, the adjective ready in (2) is semantically and syntactically less homogenous. A number of adjectives used in this construction are collocationally quite restricted.  (2) a.*To sign the document is now ready.      b.*It is now ready to sign the document.      c. The document is now ready for you to sign. __ As shown in (2c), in ready-type , the subject of the main clause is identified with the object of the infinitive clause. But unlike difficult-type in (1), ready-type cannot allow the construction with an infinitive clause subject shown in (2a) and an extraposed construction shown in (2b).        The adjectives like essential can allow the transformation of sentences in (3).  (3) a. To spray the trees every year is essential.      b. It is essential (for you) to spray the trees every year.  The infinitive clause is an extraposed subejct. Adjectives in this type express volition(의지), modality, or emotion.

adjective 종류들이 몇 가지 있는데 (1) difficult-type adjectives tough-movement를 허용하는 술어 (하위절의 목적어가 주절의 주어자리로 가게 하는.) (2) ready-type adjectives 주절의 주어가 마치 to부절의 목적어"처럼" 보이는 듯 하지만, infinitive clause subject가 올 수 없고, 주어를 뒤로 돌리는 extraposed construction 형태를 할 수도 없음.  (3) essentail-type adjectives infinitive clause subject 올 수 있고, extraposed subject도 돼. 그 대신 의지나 emotion 표현함.

(a) John is wonderful to work with (b) John is impossible to live with (c) It is free to borrow these toys: these toys are free to borrow (d) It is crucial for us to take three meals a day (e) To breathe the air was frosty (f) To follow this direction is awkward.      Object-subject raising으로 보기도 해

[to work with John] is wonderful. ➜It is wonderful [to work with John](extrap) ➜[John] is wonderful [to work with —]: tough-mv (c) *It is free to borrow these toys: ➜ these toys are free to borrow (e) [To breathe the air] was frosty ➜ 이게 infinitive clause subejct. ➜ (c)is ungrammatical. The adjective 'free' belongs to ready-type; thus, it cannot allow an extraposed construction.  ➜(e) is ungrammatical. The adjective 'frosty' belongs to 'ready-type'; thus, it cannot allow the construction with an infinitive clause subject.