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일주일에 한 번씩 올리는 영어학 기출분석 게시물.
이론 공부하다가 오답노트하면 뭔가 아는 것 같아서 기분이 좋다.
그런데 이번 회차는 오답노트를 해도 100% 다 알고 가는 느낌이 안드네.
나중에 한 번 더 봐야할듯?
anyway, 오늘도 시작해보자.
2021 중등임용 영어 기출분석
#A2 - Morphology
| There are many ways to make new words or word forms in English as listed in (1). (1) Morphological process Example a. blending spoon + fork ⟶ spork b. clipping celebrity ⟶ celeb c. compounding ice + cream ⟶ icecream d. conversion microwave (noun) ⟶ microwave (verb) e. derivation divine + ity ⟶ divinity f. inflection want + ed ⟶ wanted g. initialism automatic teller machine ⟶ ATM Sometimes multiple morphological processes serially apply to a morpheme to create a new word or word form. Take a look at (2). (2) a. Marie revisited Korea for her concert in December b. Ted babysits for his neighbor to make money. Revisited in (2a) goes through derivation (re+visit) and inflection (revisit+ed), and babysists in (2b) goes through compounding (baby+sit) and inflection (babysit+s) |
➜ e-mail(n) ⟶e-mail(v) ➜ derivation은 affix 붙는 애들 ➜ inflection은 시제문법. ➜ re+visit : derivation(re-) ➜ revisit+ed : inflection(-ed) ➜ baby+sit : compound ➜ babysit+s :inflection(-s) |
- Based on <A>, fill in each blank in <B> with an appropriate morphological process from (1). Write your answers in the correct order.
(i) (ii) (iii)
box(noun) ➜ box(verb) ➜ un+box ➜ unbox+ing = unboxing
①conversion ②derivation(un-) ③inflection(+ing)
#A3 - Syntax - X-bar Theoy
In the languages of the world, we have tewo different types of adposition: a preposition type (e.g., English) and a postposition type (e.g., Korean). With the preposition type, we find that a preposition head precedes its complement as in (1a). As for the postposition type, a postposition follows its complement as in (1b).  However, some linguists argue that all languages uniformaly have the preposition system and the seemingly postposition system is derived from the preposition type by movement as in (2).  We can apply the analysis in (2) to the so-called particle structure. (3) They left [ᴾᴾ [ᴺᴾ this part]ᵢ out tᵢ]. In (3), NP this part moves from the _____ position of the ehad out to the specifier position. |
- Fill in the blank with the ONE most appropriate word from the passage.
답: complement.
그냥 Cross-categorical structural symmetry만 알고 있으면 아무나 맞출 수 있는 문제였음.
#A6 - Phonology - Foot
| 'Foot' is sa prosodic unit above syllable, which consists of one obligatory strong syllable and optional weak syllables. Feet seem to have many different structures in English. For example, there are feet composed of a single stressed syllable (e.g., {ˈson}) and feet where a stressed syllable is followed by one stressless syllable (e.g., {ˈmother}) or by two or more stressless syllables (e.g., {ˈCanada}). Sometimes, a strong syllalbe appears in the second (e.g., {deˈmand}, {baˈnana}). Foot structure can change due to [ə]-deletion. First, the data in (1) show that [ə] in an initial stressless syllable can be deleted in fast speech. (1) Normal speech Fast speech a. Toronto [tʰəˈrantoʊ] [ˈtr˳antoʊ] b. Marina [məˈrinə] [ˈmrinə] Second, the datat in (2) demonstrate that [ə] in a medial stressless syllable can be deleted after a stressed and before a stressless syllable in fast speech. (2) Normal speech Fast speech a. opera [ˈapərə] [ˈaprə] b. general [ˈʤɛnərəl] [ˈʤɛnrəl] Third, the data in (3) tell us that when two stressless syllables occur between two stressed syllables, [ə] in either stressleses syllable can be deleted in fast speech. (3) Normal speech Fast speech a. respiratory [ˈrɛspərəˌtʰɔri] [ˈrɛsprəˌtʰɔri] b. glorification [ˌglɔrəfəˈkʰeɪʃən] [ˌglɔrfəˈkʰeɪʃən] or [ˌglɔrəf ˈkʰeɪʃən] However, [ə]-deletion cannot occur even in fast speech when a stressless syllable occurs directly between two stressed syllalbes as in (4). (4) Normal speech Fast speech a. operatic [ˌapəˈræɾɪk] [ˌapəˈræɾɪk], *[ˌapˈræɾɪk] b. generality [ˌʤɛnəˈræləɾi] [ˌʤɛnəˈræləɾi], *[ˌʤɛnˈræləɾi]  |
➜ (1) [ə]가 첫번째 stressless syllable 에 있을 때 생략됨. ➜ s w[ə] ➜ [ə]가 중간 stressless syllable로 위치하고 강세받는 음절 다음, 강세받지 않는 음절 전에 위치했을 때 생략. ➜(2) s w[ə] w ➜ (3) s w[ə] w[ə] s ➜ (4) s w[ə] s: [ə]-deletion 안 됨. |
| <B> a. respirate [ˈrɛspəˌreɪt] b. chocolate [ˈʧakəlɪt] c. nationalize [ˈnæʃənəˌlaɪz] d. glorify [ˈglɔrəˌfaɪ] |
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- Based on <A>, identify TWO words in <B> where [ə] can be deleted in fast speech. .Then, describe the foot structure that is most preferred in fast speech, based on <A>
(i) idenfity two words where [ə] can be deleted in fast speech.
a. [ˈrɛspəˌreɪt] = s w[ə] s
b. [ˈʧakəlɪt] =s w[ə] w (✔️)
c. [ˈnæʃənəˌlaɪz] =s w[ə] w[ə] s (✔️)
d. [ˈglɔrəˌfaɪ] = s w[ə] s
➜(1) s w[ə]
➜(2) s w[ə] w
➜(3) s w[ə] w[ə] s
(ii) describe the foot structure that is most preferred in fast speech, based on <A>
feet where a stressed syllable is followed by one stressless syllable
(iii) 답안
The two words where [ə] can be deleted in fast speech are 'chocolate' in (b) and 'nationalize' in (c).
The foot structure that is most preferred in fast speech is a foot where a stressed syllable is followed by one stressless syllable.
#A7 - Grammar - fronting, inversion
그래도 잘 모르겠는뒙...
| 'Locative inversion' involves the preposing of a locative phrase before the verb and the postposing of the subject after the verb, as illustrated below. (1) a. John ran into the house. b. Into the house ran John. (2) a. A woman stood on the corner. b. On the corner stood a woman. Note that (1b) can be derived from (1a) by moving the locative phrase into the house to the front of the sentence and by inverting the verb ran and the subject John. Likewise, we can derive (2b) from (2a). Meanwhile, there is some restriction with 'locative inversion'. Consider the following examples. (3) a. My friend Mary seated my mother among the guests of honor. b*Among the guests of honor seated my mother my friend Mary. c*Among the guests of honor seated my friend Mary my mother. (4) a. The women danced beautiful dances aroud teh fire. b.*Around the fire danced beautiful dances the women. c.*Around the fire danced the women beautiful dances. All the examples above clearly show that the baisc verb types affect the grammaticality of 'locative inversion.' |
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| <B> (i) Out of the house came an old lady. (ii) Unuder the bridge lived a troll a good life. |
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- Based on <A>, state whether or not each sentence in <B> is grammatical. Then, explain why each sentence is grammatical or ungrammatical on the basis of the descriptionin <A>
1) the baisc verb types affect the grammaticality of 'locative inversion.' : 이게 힌트!
2) run, stand는 locative inversion 허용. - intransistive
3) seat, dance는 locative inversion 비허용. - transitive
4) (i) came - intransitive (ii) lived - transitive (비허용)
답안:
Sentence (i) is grammatical.
In (i) the intransitive verb 'came' can undergo locative inversion.
Sentence (ii) is ungrammatical.
In (ii) the transitive verb 'lived' cannot undergo locative inversion.
In<B>, (i) is grammatical while (ii) is ungrammatical.
(i) is grammatical because the intransitive verb 'came' can undergo locative inversion.
On the other hand, (ii) is ungrammatical because the transitive verb 'lived' cannot undergo locative inversion.
#B4 - Phonology+Morphology - Free and Bound Morpheme
| In a number of AMerican English didalects, /oʊ/ is realized as a diphthong [oʊ] or a monophthong [o]. (1)/oʊ/ is realized as [oʊ] a. Poe [poʊ] b. low [loʊ] c. hope [hoʊp] d. coat [koʊt] e. most [moʊst] f. flow [floʊ] (2) /oʊ/ is realized as [o]. a. pole [pol b. Coletrane [koltreɪn] c. hole [hol] d. told [told] e. mole [mol] f. fold [fold] Observing the patterns in (1) and (2), one could make a generalization as in (3). (3)/oʊ/ is realized as [o] when it is close to /l/. However, the generalization in (3) does not always hold for the data above. Moreover, it cannot explain the contrast between (4) and (5) below. (4) /oʊ/ is realized as [oʊ]. a. low-ly [loʊli] b. slow-ly [sloʊli] c. low-land-s [loʊləndz] d. toe-less [toʊləs] (5) /oʊ/ is realized as [o]. a. goal-ie [goli] b. roll-ing [rolɪŋ] c. bowl-er [bolər] d. hole-in-one [holɪnwʌn] Note: '-' indicates a morpheme boundary |
➜ l 이 morpheme boundry 밖이면. [oʊ] ➜ l 이 morpheme boundry 안이면. [o] |
| <B> a. shallowly b. soldier c. oatmeal d. poultry |
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- In <B>, identify TWO words where the underlined /oʊ/is realized as [o] in the dialects of English described in <A>. Then, revise the generalization in (3) to account for all the data in <A>.
4)에서는 /oʊ/가 /l/ 과 서로 다른 morpheme에 속해 있다. 따라서 물리적으로 인접해 있을지라도 morpheme boundary에 의해 가로막혀있음.
➜ b. slow-ly
5) 에서는 /oʊ/가 /l/과 같은 morpheme 에 속해 있다.
➜ a. goal-ie
a. shallowly b. soldier c. oatmeal d. poultry
➜ shallow-ly ➜ soldier ✔️ ➜oat-meal ➜poul-try ✔️
➜ /l/이 morpheme boundry 안이면. [o]로 realized.
The two words where the underlined /oʊ/ is realized as [o] are 'soldier' in (b) and 'poultry' in (d). The revised generalization is as follows: /oʊ/ is realized as [o] when it is immediately followed by /l/ within the same morpheme in theh same stem.
#B5 - Syntax - Constituency
| To account for some syntactic phenomena in English, we can resort to phrasal categories such as VP, TP, CP, and so on. First, let us assume that only constituents whicih belong to the same phrasal category can be coordinated. For example, NP can conjoin with another NP, but not with AP. (1) a. The student of the teacher b.* The student of very pretty. The same restriction also holds true with clausal structures. The bracketed structures in (2a) and (2b) are clearly different, since they cannot be coordinated by the conjunction or, as shown in (2c). (2) a. We didn't intend [you to hurt him]. b. We didn't intent [for him to hurt you]. c.*We didn't intent [you to hurt him] or [for him to hurt you]. So, based on the phrasal category and the assumption about coordination, we can explain the ungrammaticality of the sentences such as (2c). Second, the restriction on wh-cleft sentences can also be attributed to phrasal categories. (3) What I'll do is [ᵛᵖ postpone the meeting]. VP can be in the focus position (the position after be verb.) of wh-cleft sentences like (3). consider further the following examples. (4) a. Bill promised [ᶜᵖ Ø PRO to behave himself]. b. What Bill promised was [ᶜᵖ Ø PRO to behave himself]. (5) a. They believe [ᵀᴾ him to be innocent]. b.*What they believe is [ᵀᴾ him to be innocent]. The verb promise in (4a) is known to take a CP(Complementizer Phrase) complemenet which is headed by a null complementizer Ø, and we find that CP can be in the focus position, as shown in (4b). Meanwhile, in (5b), it is clear that TP cannot be in the focus position of a wh-cleft sentence. Thus, based on the types of phrasal categoires, we can explain the restriction on wh-cleft sentences. Note 1: '*' indicates the ungrammaticality of the sentence. Note 2: 'PRO' is a null pronoun which represents the uunderstood subject of some infinitive clauses. |
➜ ➜[ C NP I VP] = S' = CP [ _ NP I VP] = S = TP ➜ *It cleft는 focus 자리에 VP 못 나옴. ➜ focus position (the position after be verb.) ➜ TP cannot be in the focus position of a wh-cleft sentence. |
<B> (i) She argues persuasively or that their offer should be rejected. (ii) Thtey offered us a choice of red wine, white wine, or beer. (iii) What he claims isi that he was insulted. (iv) What we hadn't intended was you to get hurt. |
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- Based on <A>, choose ONE ungrammatical sentence between (i) and (ii) in <B> and ONE grammatical sentence between (iii) and (iv) in <B>. Then, explain why the chosen sentences are ungrammatical or grammatical on the basis of the description in <A>.
Choose ONE ungrammatical sentenc cebetween (i) and (ii)
(i) She argued [ᴬᵈᵛᵖ persuasively] or [ᶜᵖ that their offer should be rejected].
➜ or 에 의해 coordinate되고 있음. AdvP 와 CP는 coordinate 될 수 없으므로 비문.
(ii) They offered us a choice of [red wine], [white wine], or [beer].
➜ 셋 다 NP. 정문.
ONE grammatical sentence between (iii) and (iv)
(iii) What he claims is [ᶜᵖ that he was insulted.]
➜ CP는 focus 자리에 놓일 수 있음. / psuedo-cleft 의 focus 자리. 정문.
➜ What Bill promised was[ ᶜᵖ Ø PRO to behave himself]
(iv) What we hadn't intended was [ᵀᴾ you to get hurt]
➜ CP 에서 C만 없는 게 TP.
➜ wh-cleft의 focus position(be 동사 뒷자리) 에 [ᵀᴾ you to get hurt]가 나와.
➜TP 는 focus자리에 올 수 없으므로 비문.
답안
Sentence (i) is ungrammatical. The AdvP 'persuasively' and CP 'that their offer should be rejected' cannot be coordinated by the conjunction 'or' because only constituents which belong to the same phrasal category can be coordinated.
Sentence (iii) is grammatical because CP 'that he was insulted' can be in the focus position of
a wh-cleft sentence.
First, (i) is ungrammatical. The Advp 'persuasively' cannot be coordinated with the CP 'that their offer should be rejected'. Second, (iii) is grammatical. The CP 'that he was insulted' can be in the focus position of wh-cleft sentences.
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