(옛날 모고)2023년도 대비 6월 모고 - 영어학

기출분석 끝내고(사실 끝냈다는 건 의미 없는 말임. 봐도봐도 새롭기 때문이지.)

옛날에 봤던 모의고사 문제들 다시 풀어보면서 공부하고 있음.

이건 6월 모고 내용.

#A6 -  Syllable weight

Syllable weight is a major factor in determining the position of stress in a word: essentially, no stressed syllable in English may be light. This means that no lexical word, or full word, of Englisih can consist of a short vowel alone, with or without an onset, since such words, including nous, verbs and adjectives, must be able to bear stress: thus, we have be,say, but not *[bI], *[se].         On the other hadn, function words like the indefinite article a,or the pronunciation [te] for the proposition to, which are part of the grammatical structure of sentences and are characteristically unstressed, can be light. In cases where these do attract stress, they have special pronunciations [e] and [tu], where the vowel is long, the nucleus branches, and the syllable is tehrefore heavy.        There is one set of cases where a conflict arises between syllable weight on the one hand, and the guidelines for the placement of syllable boundaries on the other. In most cases, these two aspects of syllable structure work together.  (1) potato       report       about Each in (1) has a consonant which could form either the coda of the first syllalbe, or the onset of the second. Onset Maximalism would force the second analysis, placing the first [t] of potato, the [p] of report and the [b] of about in onset position in the second syllable of each word; this is supported by the evidence of aspiration in the first two cases. The first syllable of each word is therefore light; and since all three of these initial syllables are unstressed, this is unproblematic. (2)penny        follow        camera Similarly, in words in (2), Onset Maximalism would argue for the syllabifications pe.nny, fo.llow, and ca.me.ra. However, in these cases, the initial syllable is stressed, in direct contradiction of the pervasive English rule which states that no stressed syllable may be light. In these cases, rather than overruling Onset Maximalism completely, the problematic medial consonant can be regarded as ambisyllabic, or belonging simultaneously in the coda of the first syllable and the onset of the second. It therefore contributes to the weight of the initial, stressed syllalbe, but its phonetic realisation will typically reflect the fact that it is also in the onset of the second syllable.         Now, take a look at the following words in (3). (3) danger    unstable    anxious    discipline       beyond    narrow      bottling      legal	대전제: no stressed syllable in English may be light. No word can consist of short vowel alone, without an onset. (1) potato [pe.te.to] - t(aspirated) - aspiration은 강세받는 음절 초에만 나타나니까(음절의 onset) (2) penny [pe.ni] >short vowel들 가벼워서 강세 줄 수 없다고 했는데? (2)들은 되잖아? > 이걸 설명할 수 있는 게 ambisyllabicity. (3) [ˈden ʤər] [ˈæŋkʃəs]  [ˈdɪ sə plɪn] [ˈnæ rəʊ] - æ - short vowel. [ˈbɒt lɪŋ] - 모음 앞에 t+l sequence절대 못와.
<ONSET MAXIMALISM>        Where there is a choice, always assign as many consonants as possible to the onset, and as few as possible to the coda. However, remember that every word must also consist of a sequence of well-formed syllables.
Based on the passages, first identify TWO words whose consonant can be regarded as ambisyllabic in (3). Second, explain why each word is ambisyllabic, mentioning the positions of the problematic consonant in the syllable structure respecively, as described in the passage <A>	First, the words 'discipline' and 'narrow' are ambisyllaic in (3). Second, for the word 'discipline', [s] belongs simultaneously in the coda of the first syllable and the onset of the second syllable. For the word 'narrow', [r] belongs simultaneously in the coda of the first syllable and the onset of the second syllable.

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#A7 - indefinite NP

The existential construction is characteristically used to introduce addressee-new entities into the discourse, and for this reason the displaced subject NP is usually indefinite.  In many cases, the presence of an indefinite NP makes the existential pragmatically obligatory in that the corresponding non-existential is infelictious as shown in (1): (1) a. There is a serious flaw in youru own argument       b. #A serious flaw is in your own argument.        Conversely, replacing an indefinite NP in an existential with a corresponding definite often results in infelicity as in (2): (2)  a. There is a more serious flaw, however, in your own argument.  b. #There is the more serious flaw, however, in your own argument.         We will examine these two constraints in turn, and then consider very briefly a constraint on the occurrence as displaced subject of NPs containing certain quantifiers. With indefinite NPs, there is in general a preference for the existential. In many cases the non-existential is infelictious. Compare (3) and (4), where the non-existentials are felicitous in (3) but not in (4): (3) a. A furniture van was in the drive     b. There was a furniture van in the drive. (4) a. #Sincerity was in her voice.      b. There was sincerity in her voice. When the indefinite NP denotes a physical entity, as in (3), both constructions are felicitous, but when it denotes an abstract entity, as in (4), the existential is required; the non-existential is infelicitous.	➜ indefinite NP(a flaw)는 existential(there)을 의무적으로 만든다. nonexistential이 오면 비문. ➜ b. #A serious flaw is in your own argument. ➜ New info를 앞에 두는 거 별로임. ➜ indefinite NP를 existential 오는 문장에서 definite으로 바꾼다면 그것도 비문 ➜ b. #There is the more serious flaw, however, in your own argument.  ➜ indefinite NP는 대체로 existential there요구함.  ➜근데 (3)에서는 non-existential이어도 정문이고, (4)에서는 There 없으니까 비문이 되어버렸어. ➜ indefinite NP가 physical entity면 existential(there)없어도 정문. ➜ indefinite NP가 abstract entity면, existential(there)이 필요하단다.
(a) A hole is in my jacket (b) Two copies of Sue's thesis are on my desk (c) A peace delegation was in the region. (d) An accident was in the studio. (e) There's plenty of room on the top shelf. (f) There was peace in the region.	(a) (There is) A hole is in my jacket (x) ➜ Abstract entity : existential 필요. (b) Two copies of Sue's thesis are on my desk.(o) ➜ Physical entity: existential 필요x (c) A peace delegation was in the region. (o) ➜ Physical entity(사절단): existential 필요x (d) An accident was in the studio. (x) ➜ Abstract entity : existential 필요. (e) There's plenty of room on the top shelf.(o) ➜ Abstract entity : existential There 필요. (f) There was peace in the region.(o) ➜ Abstract entity : existential There 필요.
Identify TWO infelicitous sentences in <B> , and explain why, based on the description in <A>	➜ Sentences (a) and (d) are infelicitous. ➜ In (a) the NP 'A hole' denotes an abstract entity; the non-existential is infelicitous.(The existential is required). ➜ In (d) the indefinite NP 'An accident' also denotes an abstract entity; the non-existential is infelicitous.

 

 

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#B4 - phonology

공부 필요한 영역. 다시 보자. #CCFFCC

Consider the voiceless alveolar stop /t/ along with the following examples in (1). (1) tick [ˈtʰɪk] stick [stɪk] blitz [blɪts] bitter [bɪɾər]         In tick we normally find an aspirated [tʰ], whereas in stick and blitz we find an unaspirated [t], and in bitter we find the flap [ɾ]. We account for this knowledge of how t is pronounced: the aspirated voiceless stop [tʰ] occurs initially in a stressed syllable, the unaspirated [t] occurs directly before or after /s/, and the flap [ɾ] occurs between a stressed vowel and an unstressed vowel.          The range of places within a word which a given sound may occur in is called its distribution. In the English data we have looked at, the distribution of [tʰ], [t], and [ɾ] is mutually exclusive: where you get one kind of sound, you never get the other. This is called complementary distribution.         In the English data, it is clear that swapping these [tʰ], [t], and [ɾ] sounds around will not change word meaninig. If we pronounce bitter with a [tʰ], it will not change the word; it will simply sound unnatural. They are interpreted as belonging to a single mental category. We will refer to such a category as a phoneme. Realizations of a phoneme which are entirely predictable from context are called its allophones. We therefore say that [tʰ], [t], and [ɾ] are allophones of the /t/ phoneme in most accents of English.         Compare the English data with the following data in (2). A learner of English as a second language has the following pronunciations: (2) a. that   dog   bead   Daddy  leather  leader  either  loathe           [dat]  [daɡ]  [bɛd]  [dæðɪ]  [lɛðər]   [lidər]    [iðər]   [lod]      b. sing    sat  loss    ship  fish   miss  push   usher          [ʃɪŋ]  [sat]  [las]   [ʃɪp]   [fɪʃ]   [mɪʃ]  [pus]   [ʌsər]         Since we know the speaker in this case is a learner of English, we can hypothesisse that in that language, [d] and [ð] are allophones of a single phoneme /d/, and likewise [ʃ] and [s] are allophones of a single phoneme /s/, with a distribution like the one our learner imposes on English.

📍 aspirated voiceless stop [tʰ] occurs initially in a stressed syllable,  📍unaspirated [t] occurs directly before or after /s/ 📍 flap [ɾ] occurs between a stressed vowel and an unstressed vowel.  s+t (2)a. [dat] [daɡ] [bɛd] [dæðɪ] [lɛðər] [lidər] [iðər]  [lod]  (2)b. [ʃɪŋ]  [sat]  [las]   [ʃɪp]   [fɪʃ]   [mɪʃ]  [pus]   [ʌsər]

Based on the passage, write the rules accounting for where the allophones [ð] in (2a) and [ʃ] in (2b) occur, respecitvely.

📍 First, allophone [ð] occurs between vowles in (2a).  📍 Second, the allophone [ʃ] occurs before or after the high front lax vowel [ɪ] in (2b).

 

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#B5 - phrasal verbs / prepositional verbs (이거 공부해야함. 봐도봐도 까먹어.) 

The PS rules allow us to represent the difference between phrasal verb (verb and particle) constructions and prepositional verb (verb and preposition) constructions. Consider a representative pair of constrasting examples: (1) a. John suddenly got off the bus.      b. John suddenly put off the customers. By altering the position of off, we can determine that off in (1a) is a preposition whereas off in (1b) is a particle:  (2) a. *John suddenly got the bus off.       b. John suddenly put the customers off. This in turn means that off  in (1a) is a preposition, forming a PP with the following NP, but in (2a) the NP the bus precedes the preposition off, wehreas off  in (1b) is a particle that forms no constituent with the following NP the customers. This in turn means that the grammar needs to introduce the following VP rule: (3) VP ➜V (Particle) (NP) (Particle) PP        Equipped with this rule, we then can easily represent the differences of these grammatical sentences in tree stuctures: As represented here, the particle does not form a constituent with the following or preceding NP whereas the preposition does form a constituent with it.	phrasal verb (verb and particle) prepositional verb (verb and preposition) ➜ preposition은 맨 뒤에 가면 비문. N 앞에 와야지. ➜ particle이기 때문에 필요에 의해 뒤로 넘어갈 수 있다 prep은 떨어지면 비문, phrasal은 떨어져도 괜춘? ➜ off 와 NP와 constituent를 이루냐 못 이루냐. put off - phrasal verb라, off + customers 는 의미도 없고, constituent도 형성 x ➜ got off 는 preposition이라 off+ the bus로 constituent 형성. ➜ optional 이기 때문에 이동 가능?
(a) My uncle went the door out. (b) My uncle threw the door out. (c) It was Mary's nose that Steve looked up. (d) It was up Mary's nose that steve looked. (e) It was Mary's number that Steve looked up. (f) It was up Mary's number that Steve looked.	(a) My uncle went the door out. x ➜ went out: prepositional verb ➜ Q: Where did my uncle go? ➜ A: Out the door. (constitutent는 혼자서 질문에 대한 답이 될 수 있음.) (b) My uncle threw the door out. O ➜ threw out: phrasal verb (c) It was Mary's nose that Steve looked up. O (d) It was up Mary's nose that steve looked.  ➜ looked up : prepositional (e) It was Mary's number that Steve looked up. O ➜looked up: 찾아보다 (f) It was up Mary's number that Steve looked. X ➜ phrasal verb의 up particle. NP랑 constituent x.
Identify TWO ungrammatical sentences in <B>, and explain why, specifying the type of verb constructions and the underlined part, EXACTLY based on the description in <A>	Sentences (a) and (f) are unggrammatical.  In (a), 'went out' is a prepositional verb and 'out is a preposition', but the NP 'the door' precedes the preposition 'out'. In (f), 'looked up' is a phrasal verb and 'up' is a particle; the particle 'up' does not form a constituent with the following NP 'Mary's number' (in the focus position of the cleft sentence)

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