2024년 대비 6월 모의고사 영어학 분석

느슨해진 임용판에 긴장감을 주는 6월 모고..

 

#A2 -  Stress-bearing suffix

 

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#A6 - Phonology

A morepheme is said to alternate when it appears in different forms in different contexts. The analysis of alternations is one of the central areas of phonology. Alternation often arises because of the way that phonlogy interacts with morphology.        We will be observing the relationship of three phonological rules with two rules of derivational morphology, given below in (1). (1) a. -able Affixation: Verb + ǝbəl → Adjective                                             "able to be Verbed"     b. -ation Affixation: Verb + 'eʃən → Noun                                          "The process or product of Verbing"        The reason morphological rules are of phonlogical interest is that they can rearrange the phonological environments of the phonemes. The segments of prefixes and suffixes can themselves be part of the environment of a phonological process. Consider the following data in (2): (2) note      notable       notation        Let us consider the particular allophone of /t/ that emerges in these forms. In note occurring by themselves, the /t/ phoneme is at the end of  a word. It is thus eligible for Preglottalization, and emerges as the allophone [ˀt].        Once the morphology has arranged the appropriate suffixes, the phonological form of words is accommodated to the new environments that are created. The selection of the proper allophone of /t/ is not established for the stem /not/ once and for all, but rather is determined on the basis of the environment in which the stem-final /t/ appears.        Referring to the definition of alternation, we see that the morpheme note does indeed alternate: depending on te context(which the morphology creates for them), they take on different forms. For example, the phonlogical form of the word note is ['noˀt].	➜ allophones of /t/ [tʰ] before stressed vowels (time) [ˀt] in syllable codas (cat) [ɾ] between vowels (city) ➜📍 Free variation ➜[noˀt] : glottal로 먼저 누른 다음에 alveolar ridge에 닿는. ➜hit me [hiʔ mi] 의 ʔ glottal 은 full glottal.
<B> Here are some phonological rules of English , all of which apply to the phoneme /t/ and give rise to alternation: (1) Preglottalization A voiceless stop is preglottalized [ˀp, ˀt, ˀk] when in final position. (2) Glottal stop replacement The glottal stop replacement [ʔ] requires the target /t/ to be in a syllable-final position. (3) Tapping The /t/ phoneme is realized as a tap [ɾ] just in case it occurs between two vowels of which the second is stressless. (4) Aspiration Voiceless stops are aspirated [pʰ, tʰ, kʰ] when they precede a stressed vowel and are not preceded by /s/.	(3) Tapping = Flapping 'notable' - note['noˀt] + able[ǝbəl] =notǝbəl = intervocalic position에 ǝ는 unstressed vowel 이니까 = 'noɾǝbəl (4) notation - note['noˀt] + -ation['eʃən] = no'teʃən = notʰeʃən = Aspiration됨.
Based on the passages, First, state the phonological forms of the words 'notable' and 'notation' with the prper allophone of /t/ and the primary stress mark, ONLY using phonetic symbols shown in the passages. Second, state which phonological rule in <B> is applied in each word.	First, the phonological form of a word 'notable' is ['noɾǝbəl]. It is eligible for Tapping. Second, the phonological form of a word 'notation' is [notʰeʃən]. Aspiration rule is applied in this word.

 

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#A7 - 📍 Cleft, Pseudocleft, Constituency

Constituency tests involve so-called Cleft (It-Cleft) and Pseudocleft (Wh-cleft) sentences, examples of which are given below: (1) Frank washed his shirts yesterday - Regular sentence. (2) It was Frank who washed his shirts yesterday. - Cleft (3) It was his shirts that Frank washed yesterday - Cleft (4) It was yesterday that Frank washed his shirts. - Cleft (5) What Frank washed yesterday was his shirts. - Pseudocleft (6) What Frank did yesterday was wash his shirts. - Pseudocleft (7) What Frank did was wash his shirts yesterday. - Pseudocleft. Clefts and Pseudoclefts are special constructions in English which enable language users to highlight a particular string of words in a sentence. Clefts and Pseudoclefts are easily recognisable because they have a typical structure. They always start with the same word: it in case of the Cleft construction and what (and a few other wh-items) in the case of the Pseudocleft. Both Celfts and Pseudoclefts always contain a form of the copular verb be (is/was/were). The position following this copular verb is called the focus position. The elements that occur here receive special prominence. Different elements are able to occupy the focus position in Clefts and Pseudoclefts, and for this reason a sentence can have more than one Cleft or Pseudocleft versions the examples in (2)-(7).          For current purposes the following principle is important: Only constituents can occur in the focus position of a Cleft or Pseudocleft. In addition, we can explain the restrictions on it-cleft and wh-cleft sentences. VP and AP cannot be in the focus position of a it-cleft sentence, and TP cannot be in the focus position of a wh-cleft sentence, as shown in (8). (8) a.*It is go home that I will.      b.*It was happy that I made her.      c.*What they believe is him to be right	➜ Clefts, Pseudoclefts 역할: - 강조해준다. (그냥-it that 강조 구문 생각하면 됨.) ➜Clefts들 특징 ① it / wh-item으로 시작함 ② be 동사 가지고 있음 ③ be 동사 뒷자리를 focus position이라고 한다. (2) ¹It ²wasᵇᵉ⁻ᵛᵉʳᵇ ³Frankᶠᵒᶜᵘˢ who washed his shirts yesterday.   ➜Clefts들 특징 ④ 📍 it-Cleft의 focus position에 (VP/AP) 못 옴 ⑤ 📍Wh-Cleft 의 focus position에 VP(O) TP(x) (8)a.*It is go home that I will.                      ➜ It + VP     b.*It was happy that I made her.           ➜It + AP     c.*What they believe is him to be right  ➜ Wh- + TP         📍근데 believe는 TP를 complement로 취해.            그래서 for NP to ~는 비문임.
<B> (a) What Arni wanted was for Karim to be quiet. (b) What he promised was to have it today. (c) What John considered was them to be conscientious. (d) What Bill does is sell cars. (e) It is not to make life easier for us that they are changing the rules. (f) It is very pretty that she is.	(a) What Arni wanted ᵇᵉ⁻ᵛᵉʳᵇwas ᶜᵖfor Karim to be quietᶜᵖ.      ➜ Wh + CP (O) (b) What he promised was ᶜᵖPRO to have it today.      ➜ Wh + CP (O)      ➜ PRO가 나올 수 있다? 그럼 CP임. 모든 문장은 CP.      ➜ null PRO가 있기 때문. (c) What John considered was ᵀᴾthem to be conscientious.     ➜ Wh + TP (X)     ➜ consider도 believe유형.  (d) What Bill does is ᵛᵖsell cars. 📍      ➜ Wh + VP (O) (e) It is not to make life easier for us that they are changing the rules.      ➜ It + to부 (O) (f) It is ᴬᴾvery pretty that she is.       ➜ It + AP (x)
Identify TWO ungrammatical sentences in <B>, and explain why, based on the description in <A>	[답안] Sentence (c) and (f) are ungrammatical. In (c), TP, 'them to be conscientious' cannot be in the focus position of a wh-cleft sentence, In (f), AP 'very pretty' cannot be in the be in the focus position of a it-cleft sentence.

 

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#B2 - Complements, indirect complements

Complements have to be licensed by the head noun. Consider the following examples: (1) a. the attack on the Prime Minister      b. the abolition of taxes      c. the fact that she's alive        Subordinate clauses may be finite or non-finite, and both types are found as complements to nouns, as in (2)-(3): (2) a. the claim that he was ill                  FINITE      b. a suspicion that it was a hoax         FINITE (3) a. her ability to complete the task       NON-FINITE      b. his eagerness to redeem himself    NON-FINITE        Consider now the following examples, where brackets enclose the NP and underlining marks the complement. (4) a. We had to put up with [a longer delay than we had bargained for]. b. He gave [so complicated an explanation that I was completely baffled]. c. It was [too serious a problem for us to ignore]. We call these indirect complements because although they follow the head noun, it is not the head noun that licenses them. In (4a) the complement is licensed by the word      ①    : if we drop this the NP becomes ungrammatical. Similarly, in (4b) the complement is licensed by the word      ②      . In (4c) it is licensed by the word too. This time we could drop too serious without loss of grammaticality - but it would have a dramatic effect on the interpretation of the infinitival clause. A problem for us to ignore means "a problem that we can/should ignore", whereas the NP in (4c) means "a problem that was so serious that we could/should not ignore it".

➜(1)      a. the attack on the Prime Minister      b. the abolition of taxes      c. the fact that she's alive : 내용절은 Complement.    *특정 전치사를 요구하는 verbs들. ➜(4) longer처럼 앞에 비교할 수 있는 표현이 있어야 'than'을 쓸 수 있지. longer 생략하면 비문. ① longer ② so

 

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#B4 - stress patterns

The prominence patterns of compounds systematically have nonphrasal stress patterns as shown in (1): (1) a. [ 'AB] - greenhouse / filing cabinet b. [['AB] C] - blackboard eraser / house-warming party c. [ A [ 'BC ]] - government working party / university work department  d. [[ ˌAB ] [ 'CD ]] - engine oil filler cap / car maintenance traning course e. [[ A [ 'BC ]] D ] - parish coffee-morning committee / universty car-park inspector        The prominence patterns displayed in (1) fall into groups, clearly determined by internal syntactic structure, suggests the possibility of a generalisation. Let us simplify matters by merely looking at (1a-c) in the first instance.        The form of metrical trees for compounds is determined by the internal structure. Note that in each case the metrical tree is a copy of the internal syntactic structure of the compound, and that the prominence relations in the metrical tree express the stress patterns indicated in (1). This more restricted set of data reveals the generalisation. Looking again particularly at the behaiour of the right-hand node in each pair, we notice that this node is not invariably strong but only under certain conditions: (3) Compound Prominence Rule In pair of sister nodes [N1 N2]ᴸ, where L is a lexical category, N2 is strong if it branches above the word level.        In (2b), for example, N1 is blackboard and N2 is eraser. Since N2 does not branch above the word level, N2 is not strong. In contrast, in (2c) N1 is government and N2 is working party. Since N2 branches above the word level, N2 becomes strong.	➜(1) compound words 쪽에 stress가 무조건 더해진다.
<B> (a) home word-processing equipment (b) schools liaison committee meeting (c) Labour party finance committee (d) arts faculty entrance test (e) schools liaison committee (f) word-processing equipment	(a) home word-processing equipment - e. [[ A [ 'BC ]] D ] (b) schools liaison committee meeting - e. [[ A [ 'BC ]] D ] (c) Labour party finance committee - d. [[ ˌAB ] [ 'CD ]] (d) arts faculty entrance test            - d. [[ ˌAB ] [ 'CD ]] (e) schools liaison committee             c. [ A [ 'BC ]] (f) word-processing equipment          b. [[ 'AB ] C]
- Based on the passage, first, divide the examples in into two groups of the same internal structure. Second, identify the internal structure of each group, using the nunbers (1a)-(1e) in	First, (a), (b) show the same internal structure while (c), (d) have the same internal strcutrue repsectively. Second, (a),(b) belong to the internal structure of (1e) [[ A [ 'BC ]] D ] while (c), (d) belong to the internal structure of (1d) [[ ˌAB ] [ 'CD ]]

 

그냥 그림 크게보기.

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#CCFFCC

#B5 - combinatory, segregatory meaning.

Phrases linked by the coordination and  may express combinatory or segregatory meaning. This distinction is clearest with noun phrases. When the coordination is segregatory, we can paraphrase it by clause coordination as shown in (1). (1) a. John and Mary know the answer      b = John knows the answer and Mary knows the answer        When it is combinatory we cannot do so, because the conjoins function in combination with respect to the rest of the clause, as in (2). (2) a. John and Mary make a pleasant couple.      b. ≠ *John makes a pleasant couple, and Mary makes a pleasant couple.         Many conjoint noun phrases are in fact ambiguous between the two interpretations: (3) John and Mary won a prize. This may mean that they each won a prize or that the prize was awarded to them jointly.  📍        Certain markers explicitly indicate that the coordination is segregatory. The adverb respectively indicates which constituents go with which in the two parallel sets of conjoint phrases. Sentence (4a) has only the segregatory meaning: (4) a. Thomas Arnold and his son Mathew were respectively the greatest educator and the greatest critic of the Victorian age. b. = Thoma sArnold was the greatest educator of the Victorian age, and his son Matthew was the greaatest critic of the Victorian age.  Further examples of combinatory meaning are shown in (5) (5) a. Peter and Bob separated (from each other). b. Mary and Paul  are just good friends. c. Paula and her brother look alike. d. Law and order is a primary concern of the new administration.
<B> a. Jill and Ben visited their uncles. b. Both John and Mary have won a prize c. old and new furniture d. old and valuable books	📍 Both 는 only segregatory meaning만 있어.
Identify TWO unambiguous sentences or phrases in <B> and stating the type of coordination (i.e., the combinatory or segregatory meaning), based on the description in <A>	sentence (b) is unambiguous and indicates the segregatory meaning. Phrase (c) is unambiguous and indicates the segregatory meaning.

*Only segregatory meaning is ordinarily possible when the coordinated modifiers denote mutually exclusive properties.

: 그냥 당연한 소리.

 

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끝.